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package com.jwetherell.algorithms.data_structures;
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/*
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* Borrowed from
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* https://github.com/phishman3579/java-algorithms-implementation
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*/
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import java.util.ArrayList;
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import java.util.Collection;
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import java.util.Collections;
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import java.util.Comparator;
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import java.util.HashSet;
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import java.util.List;
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import java.util.Set;
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import java.util.TreeSet;
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/**
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* A k-d tree (short for k-dimensional tree) is a space-partitioning data
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* structure for organizing points in a k-dimensional space. k-d trees are a
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* useful data structure for several applications, such as searches involving a
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* multidimensional search key (e.g. range searches and nearest neighbor
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* searches). k-d trees are a special case of binary space partitioning trees.
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*
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-d_tree
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*
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* @author Justin Wetherell <phishman3579@gmail.com>
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*/
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public class KdTree<T extends KdTree.XYZPoint> {
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private int k = 3;
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private KdNode root = null;
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private static final Comparator<XYZPoint> X_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<XYZPoint>() {
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/**
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* {@inheritDoc}
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*/
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@Override
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public int compare(XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
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if (o1.x < o2.x)
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return -1;
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if (o1.x > o2.x)
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return 1;
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return 0;
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}
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};
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private static final Comparator<XYZPoint> Y_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<XYZPoint>() {
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/**
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* {@inheritDoc}
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*/
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@Override
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public int compare(XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
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if (o1.y < o2.y)
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return -1;
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if (o1.y > o2.y)
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return 1;
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return 0;
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}
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};
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private static final Comparator<XYZPoint> Z_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<XYZPoint>() {
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/**
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* {@inheritDoc}
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*/
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@Override
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public int compare(XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
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if (o1.z < o2.z)
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return -1;
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if (o1.z > o2.z)
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return 1;
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return 0;
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}
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};
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protected static final int X_AXIS = 0;
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protected static final int Y_AXIS = 1;
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protected static final int Z_AXIS = 2;
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/**
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* Default constructor.
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*/
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public KdTree() { }
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/**
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* Constructor for creating a more balanced tree. It uses the
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* "median of points" algorithm.
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*
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* @param list
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* of XYZPoints.
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*/
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public KdTree(List<XYZPoint> list) {
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root = createNode(list, k, 0);
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}
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/**
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* Constructor for creating a more balanced tree. It uses the
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* "median of points" algorithm.
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*
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* @param list
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* of XYZPoints.
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* @param k
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* of the tree.
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*/
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public KdTree(List<XYZPoint> list, int k) {
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root = createNode(list, k, 0);
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}
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/**
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* Create node from list of XYZPoints.
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*
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* @param list
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* of XYZPoints.
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* @param k
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* of the tree.
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* @param depth
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* depth of the node.
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* @return node created.
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*/
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private static KdNode createNode(List<XYZPoint> list, int k, int depth) {
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if (list == null || list.size() == 0)
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return null;
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int axis = depth % k;
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if (axis == X_AXIS)
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Collections.sort(list, X_COMPARATOR);
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else if (axis == Y_AXIS)
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Collections.sort(list, Y_COMPARATOR);
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else
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Collections.sort(list, Z_COMPARATOR);
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KdNode node = null;
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List<XYZPoint> less = new ArrayList<XYZPoint>(list.size());
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List<XYZPoint> more = new ArrayList<XYZPoint>(list.size());
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if (list.size() > 0) {
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int medianIndex = list.size() / 2;
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node = new KdNode(list.get(medianIndex), k, depth);
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// Process list to see where each non-median point lies
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for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
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if (i == medianIndex)
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continue;
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XYZPoint p = list.get(i);
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// Cannot assume points before the median are less since they could be equal
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if (KdNode.compareTo(depth, k, p, node.id) <= 0) {
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less.add(p);
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} else {
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more.add(p);
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}
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}
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if ((medianIndex - 1) >= 0 && less.size() > 0) {
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node.lesser = createNode(less, k, depth + 1);
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node.lesser.parent = node;
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}
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if ((medianIndex + 1) <= (list.size() - 1) && more.size() > 0) {
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node.greater = createNode(more, k, depth + 1);
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node.greater.parent = node;
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}
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}
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return node;
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}
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/**
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* Add value to the tree. Tree can contain multiple equal values.
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*
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* @param value
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* T to add to the tree.
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* @return True if successfully added to tree.
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*/
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public boolean add(T value) {
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if (value == null)
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return false;
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if (root == null) {
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root = new KdNode(value);
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return true;
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}
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KdNode node = root;
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while (true) {
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if (KdNode.compareTo(node.depth, node.k, value, node.id) <= 0) {
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// Lesser
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if (node.lesser == null) {
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KdNode newNode = new KdNode(value, k, node.depth + 1);
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newNode.parent = node;
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node.lesser = newNode;
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break;
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}
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node = node.lesser;
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} else {
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// Greater
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if (node.greater == null) {
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KdNode newNode = new KdNode(value, k, node.depth + 1);
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newNode.parent = node;
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node.greater = newNode;
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break;
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}
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node = node.greater;
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}
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}
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return true;
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}
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/**
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* Does the tree contain the value.
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*
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* @param value
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* T to locate in the tree.
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* @return True if tree contains value.
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*/
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public boolean contains(T value) {
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if (value == null || root == null)
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return false;
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KdNode node = getNode(this, value);
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return (node != null);
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}
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/**
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* Locate T in the tree.
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*
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* @param tree
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* to search.
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* @param value
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* to search for.
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* @return KdNode or NULL if not found
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*/
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private static final <T extends KdTree.XYZPoint> KdNode getNode(KdTree<T> tree, T value) {
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if (tree == null || tree.root == null || value == null)
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return null;
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KdNode node = tree.root;
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while (true) {
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if (node.id.equals(value)) {
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return node;
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} else if (KdNode.compareTo(node.depth, node.k, value, node.id) <= 0) {
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// Lesser
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if (node.lesser == null) {
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return null;
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}
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node = node.lesser;
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} else {
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// Greater
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if (node.greater == null) {
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return null;
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}
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node = node.greater;
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}
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}
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}
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/**
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* Remove first occurrence of value in the tree.
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*
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* @param value
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* T to remove from the tree.
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* @return True if value was removed from the tree.
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*/
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public boolean remove(T value) {
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if (value == null || root == null)
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return false;
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KdNode node = getNode(this, value);
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if (node == null)
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return false;
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KdNode parent = node.parent;
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if (parent != null) {
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if (parent.lesser != null && node.equals(parent.lesser)) {
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List<XYZPoint> nodes = getTree(node);
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if (nodes.size() > 0) {
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parent.lesser = createNode(nodes, node.k, node.depth);
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if (parent.lesser != null) {
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parent.lesser.parent = parent;
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}
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} else {
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parent.lesser = null;
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}
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} else {
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List<XYZPoint> nodes = getTree(node);
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if (nodes.size() > 0) {
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parent.greater = createNode(nodes, node.k, node.depth);
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if (parent.greater != null) {
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parent.greater.parent = parent;
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}
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} else {
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parent.greater = null;
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}
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}
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} else {
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// root
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List<XYZPoint> nodes = getTree(node);
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if (nodes.size() > 0)
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root = createNode(nodes, node.k, node.depth);
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else
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root = null;
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}
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return true;
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}
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/**
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* Get the (sub) tree rooted at root.
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*
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* @param root
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* of tree to get nodes for.
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* @return points in (sub) tree, not including root.
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*/
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private static final List<XYZPoint> getTree(KdNode root) {
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List<XYZPoint> list = new ArrayList<XYZPoint>();
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if (root == null)
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return list;
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if (root.lesser != null) {
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list.add(root.lesser.id);
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list.addAll(getTree(root.lesser));
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}
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if (root.greater != null) {
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list.add(root.greater.id);
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list.addAll(getTree(root.greater));
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}
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return list;
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}
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/**
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* K Nearest Neighbor search
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*
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* @param K
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* Number of neighbors to retrieve. Can return more than K, if
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* last nodes are equal distances.
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* @param value
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* to find neighbors of.
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* @return Collection of T neighbors.
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*/
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@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
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public Collection<T> nearestNeighbourSearch(int K, T value) {
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if (value == null || root == null)
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return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
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// Map used for results
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TreeSet<KdNode> results = new TreeSet<KdNode>(new EuclideanComparator(value));
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// Find the closest leaf node
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KdNode prev = null;
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KdNode node = root;
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while (node != null) {
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if (KdNode.compareTo(node.depth, node.k, value, node.id) <= 0) {
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// Lesser
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prev = node;
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node = node.lesser;
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} else {
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// Greater
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prev = node;
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node = node.greater;
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}
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}
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KdNode leaf = prev;
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if (leaf != null) {
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// Used to not re-examine nodes
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Set<KdNode> examined = new HashSet<KdNode>();
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// Go up the tree, looking for better solutions
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node = leaf;
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while (node != null) {
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// Search node
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searchNode(value, node, K, results, examined);
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node = node.parent;
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}
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}
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// Load up the collection of the results
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Collection<T> collection = new ArrayList<T>(K);
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for (KdNode kdNode : results)
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collection.add((T) kdNode.id);
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return collection;
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}
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private static final <T extends KdTree.XYZPoint> void searchNode(T value, KdNode node, int K, TreeSet<KdNode> results, Set<KdNode> examined) {
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examined.add(node);
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// Search node
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KdNode lastNode = null;
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Double lastDistance = Double.MAX_VALUE;
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if (results.size() > 0) {
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lastNode = results.last();
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lastDistance = lastNode.id.euclideanDistance(value);
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}
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Double nodeDistance = node.id.euclideanDistance(value);
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if (nodeDistance.compareTo(lastDistance) < 0) {
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if (results.size() == K && lastNode != null)
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results.remove(lastNode);
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results.add(node);
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} else if (nodeDistance.equals(lastDistance)) {
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results.add(node);
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} else if (results.size() < K) {
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results.add(node);
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}
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lastNode = results.last();
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lastDistance = lastNode.id.euclideanDistance(value);
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int axis = node.depth % node.k;
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KdNode lesser = node.lesser;
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KdNode greater = node.greater;
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// Search children branches, if axis aligned distance is less than
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// current distance
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if (lesser != null && !examined.contains(lesser)) {
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examined.add(lesser);
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double nodePoint = Double.MIN_VALUE;
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double valuePlusDistance = Double.MIN_VALUE;
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if (axis == X_AXIS) {
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nodePoint = node.id.x;
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valuePlusDistance = value.x - lastDistance;
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} else if (axis == Y_AXIS) {
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nodePoint = node.id.y;
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valuePlusDistance = value.y - lastDistance;
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} else {
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nodePoint = node.id.z;
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valuePlusDistance = value.z - lastDistance;
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}
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boolean lineIntersectsCube = ((valuePlusDistance <= nodePoint) ? true : false);
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// Continue down lesser branch
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if (lineIntersectsCube)
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searchNode(value, lesser, K, results, examined);
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}
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if (greater != null && !examined.contains(greater)) {
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examined.add(greater);
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double nodePoint = Double.MIN_VALUE;
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double valuePlusDistance = Double.MIN_VALUE;
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if (axis == X_AXIS) {
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nodePoint = node.id.x;
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valuePlusDistance = value.x + lastDistance;
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} else if (axis == Y_AXIS) {
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nodePoint = node.id.y;
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valuePlusDistance = value.y + lastDistance;
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} else {
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nodePoint = node.id.z;
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valuePlusDistance = value.z + lastDistance;
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}
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boolean lineIntersectsCube = ((valuePlusDistance >= nodePoint) ? true : false);
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// Continue down greater branch
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if (lineIntersectsCube)
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searchNode(value, greater, K, results, examined);
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}
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}
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/**
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* {@inheritDoc}
|
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*/
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458 |
@Override
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459 |
public String toString() {
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460 |
return TreePrinter.getString(this);
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}
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463 |
protected static class EuclideanComparator implements Comparator<KdNode> {
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private final XYZPoint point;
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public EuclideanComparator(XYZPoint point) {
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this.point = point;
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}
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470 |
|
471 |
/**
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472 |
* {@inheritDoc}
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*/
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474 |
@Override
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475 |
public int compare(KdNode o1, KdNode o2) {
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Double d1 = point.euclideanDistance(o1.id);
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Double d2 = point.euclideanDistance(o2.id);
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if (d1.compareTo(d2) < 0)
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return -1;
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else if (d2.compareTo(d1) < 0)
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return 1;
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return o1.id.compareTo(o2.id);
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}
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}
|
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public static class KdNode implements Comparable<KdNode> {
|
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private final XYZPoint id;
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private final int k;
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private final int depth;
|
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private KdNode parent = null;
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private KdNode lesser = null;
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private KdNode greater = null;
|
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public KdNode(XYZPoint id) {
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this.id = id;
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this.k = 3;
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this.depth = 0;
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}
|
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public KdNode(XYZPoint id, int k, int depth) {
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this.id = id;
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this.k = k;
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this.depth = depth;
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}
|
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public static int compareTo(int depth, int k, XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
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int axis = depth % k;
|
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if (axis == X_AXIS)
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return X_COMPARATOR.compare(o1, o2);
|
512 |
if (axis == Y_AXIS)
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return Y_COMPARATOR.compare(o1, o2);
|
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return Z_COMPARATOR.compare(o1, o2);
|
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}
|
516 |
|
517 |
/**
|
518 |
* {@inheritDoc}
|
519 |
*/
|
520 |
@Override
|
521 |
public int hashCode() {
|
522 |
return 31 * (this.k + this.depth + this.id.hashCode());
|
523 |
}
|
524 |
|
525 |
/**
|
526 |
* {@inheritDoc}
|
527 |
*/
|
528 |
@Override
|
529 |
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
|
530 |
if (obj == null)
|
531 |
return false;
|
532 |
if (!(obj instanceof KdNode))
|
533 |
return false;
|
534 |
|
535 |
KdNode kdNode = (KdNode) obj;
|
536 |
if (this.compareTo(kdNode) == 0)
|
537 |
return true;
|
538 |
return false;
|
539 |
}
|
540 |
|
541 |
/**
|
542 |
* {@inheritDoc}
|
543 |
*/
|
544 |
@Override
|
545 |
public int compareTo(KdNode o) {
|
546 |
return compareTo(depth, k, this.id, o.id);
|
547 |
}
|
548 |
|
549 |
/**
|
550 |
* {@inheritDoc}
|
551 |
*/
|
552 |
@Override
|
553 |
public String toString() {
|
554 |
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
|
555 |
builder.append("k=").append(k);
|
556 |
builder.append(" depth=").append(depth);
|
557 |
builder.append(" id=").append(id.toString());
|
558 |
return builder.toString();
|
559 |
}
|
560 |
}
|
561 |
|
562 |
public static class XYZPoint implements Comparable<XYZPoint> {
|
563 |
|
564 |
protected final double x;
|
565 |
protected final double y;
|
566 |
protected final double z;
|
567 |
|
568 |
/* public XYZPoint(double x, double y) {
|
569 |
this.x = x;
|
570 |
this.y = y;
|
571 |
this.z = 0;
|
572 |
}*/
|
573 |
|
574 |
public XYZPoint(double x, double y, double z) {
|
575 |
this.x = x;
|
576 |
this.y = y;
|
577 |
this.z = z;
|
578 |
}
|
579 |
|
580 |
public XYZPoint(double latitude, double longitude) {
|
581 |
this.x = Math.cos(Math.toRadians(latitude)) * Math.cos(Math.toRadians(longitude));
|
582 |
this.y = Math.cos(Math.toRadians(latitude)) * Math.sin(Math.toRadians(longitude));
|
583 |
this.z = Math.sin(Math.toRadians(latitude));
|
584 |
}
|
585 |
|
586 |
public double getX() {
|
587 |
return x;
|
588 |
}
|
589 |
public double getY() {
|
590 |
return y;
|
591 |
}
|
592 |
public double getZ() {
|
593 |
return z;
|
594 |
}
|
595 |
|
596 |
/**
|
597 |
* Computes the Euclidean distance from this point to the other.
|
598 |
*
|
599 |
* @param o1
|
600 |
* other point.
|
601 |
* @return euclidean distance.
|
602 |
*/
|
603 |
public double euclideanDistance(XYZPoint o1) {
|
604 |
return euclideanDistance(o1, this);
|
605 |
}
|
606 |
|
607 |
/**
|
608 |
* Computes the Euclidean distance from one point to the other.
|
609 |
*
|
610 |
* @param o1
|
611 |
* first point.
|
612 |
* @param o2
|
613 |
* second point.
|
614 |
* @return euclidean distance.
|
615 |
*/
|
616 |
private static final double euclideanDistance(XYZPoint o1, XYZPoint o2) {
|
617 |
return Math.sqrt(Math.pow((o1.x - o2.x), 2) + Math.pow((o1.y - o2.y), 2) + Math.pow((o1.z - o2.z), 2));
|
618 |
}
|
619 |
|
620 |
/**
|
621 |
* {@inheritDoc}
|
622 |
*/
|
623 |
@Override
|
624 |
public int hashCode() {
|
625 |
return 31 * (int)(this.x + this.y + this.z);
|
626 |
}
|
627 |
|
628 |
/**
|
629 |
* {@inheritDoc}
|
630 |
*/
|
631 |
@Override
|
632 |
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
|
633 |
if (obj == null)
|
634 |
return false;
|
635 |
if (!(obj instanceof XYZPoint))
|
636 |
return false;
|
637 |
|
638 |
XYZPoint xyzPoint = (XYZPoint) obj;
|
639 |
return compareTo(xyzPoint) == 0;
|
640 |
}
|
641 |
|
642 |
/**
|
643 |
* {@inheritDoc}
|
644 |
*/
|
645 |
@Override
|
646 |
public int compareTo(XYZPoint o) {
|
647 |
int xComp = X_COMPARATOR.compare(this, o);
|
648 |
if (xComp != 0)
|
649 |
return xComp;
|
650 |
int yComp = Y_COMPARATOR.compare(this, o);
|
651 |
if (yComp != 0)
|
652 |
return yComp;
|
653 |
int zComp = Z_COMPARATOR.compare(this, o);
|
654 |
return zComp;
|
655 |
}
|
656 |
|
657 |
/**
|
658 |
* {@inheritDoc}
|
659 |
*/
|
660 |
@Override
|
661 |
public String toString() {
|
662 |
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
|
663 |
builder.append("(");
|
664 |
builder.append(x).append(", ");
|
665 |
builder.append(y).append(", ");
|
666 |
builder.append(z);
|
667 |
builder.append(")");
|
668 |
return builder.toString();
|
669 |
}
|
670 |
}
|
671 |
|
672 |
protected static class TreePrinter {
|
673 |
|
674 |
public static <T extends XYZPoint> String getString(KdTree<T> tree) {
|
675 |
if (tree.root == null)
|
676 |
return "Tree has no nodes.";
|
677 |
return getString(tree.root, "", true);
|
678 |
}
|
679 |
|
680 |
private static String getString(KdNode node, String prefix, boolean isTail) {
|
681 |
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
|
682 |
|
683 |
if (node.parent != null) {
|
684 |
String side = "left";
|
685 |
if (node.parent.greater != null && node.id.equals(node.parent.greater.id))
|
686 |
side = "right";
|
687 |
builder.append(prefix + (isTail ? "└── " : "├── ") + "[" + side + "] " + "depth=" + node.depth + " id="
|
688 |
+ node.id + "\n");
|
689 |
} else {
|
690 |
builder.append(prefix + (isTail ? "└── " : "├── ") + "depth=" + node.depth + " id=" + node.id + "\n");
|
691 |
}
|
692 |
List<KdNode> children = null;
|
693 |
if (node.lesser != null || node.greater != null) {
|
694 |
children = new ArrayList<KdNode>(2);
|
695 |
if (node.lesser != null)
|
696 |
children.add(node.lesser);
|
697 |
if (node.greater != null)
|
698 |
children.add(node.greater);
|
699 |
}
|
700 |
if (children != null) {
|
701 |
for (int i = 0; i < children.size() - 1; i++) {
|
702 |
builder.append(getString(children.get(i), prefix + (isTail ? " " : "│ "), false));
|
703 |
}
|
704 |
if (children.size() >= 1) {
|
705 |
builder.append(getString(children.get(children.size() - 1), prefix + (isTail ? " " : "│ "),
|
706 |
true));
|
707 |
}
|
708 |
}
|
709 |
|
710 |
return builder.toString();
|
711 |
}
|
712 |
}
|
713 |
} |